#1. Diurnal variation of temperature is greatest when wind is
When winds are calm there is minimal mixing of air, allowing the surface to heat strongly by day and cool strongly at night. This creates the largest diurnal temperature range compared with windy conditions.
#2. Diurnal variation of temperature is maximum over
Land has a much lower heat capacity than water, so it warms and cools faster than the ocean. This causes much larger day–night temperature swings over land than over water or forested areas.
#3. On a clear day the amount of solar radiation received by earth surface is
On a clear-sky day a large fraction of incoming solar radiation reaches the surface; traditional exam values often quote about three-quarters (≈75%) reaching the ground when scattering and absorption are low.
#4. ALBEDO is
Albedo is the fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected back to space by a surface. Surfaces like snow and ice have high albedo, while dark soils and water have lower albedo.
#5. During day the ambient temperature is _____ than ground
During the day the ground heats up more quickly than the air above it, so near-surface ambient air temperatures are typically lower than the surface temperature itself. The ground’s low thermal inertia causes larger temperature differences.
#6. Diurnal variation of temperature over ocean is _____
The ocean’s large heat capacity and mixing reduce day–night temperature swings to very small values, typically under 1°C for many open-water locations.
#7. At a coastal station the diurnal variation of temperature depends on
At coasts, onshore vs offshore winds determine whether maritime (moderating) or continental (stronger diurnal range) air affects the station. So wind direction strongly influences the diurnal amplitude.
#8. Snow surface reflects about ______ % of solar radiation.
Fresh snow has very high reflectivity; values around 80–90% are typical for new, clean snow. The exam choice of 90% represents fresh snow’s strong albedo.
#9. Amount of Solar radiation received per unit area is
Insolation is the term for incoming solar radiation received on a horizontal surface, usually measured per unit area and time (e.g., W/m²).
#10. Solar radiation received by the earth is
Sunlight that reaches Earth is primarily shortwave (visible and near-infrared and ultraviolet). Longwave radiation is emitted by the Earth back to space.
#11. Rise in temperature of a surface is proportional to its specific heat
Temperature change for a given energy input is inversely proportional to specific heat: a material with higher specific heat warms less for the same energy input.
#12. Specific heat of land is _____ than that of water
Water has a high specific heat compared with most soils and rocks, so land heats and cools more quickly (lower specific heat) than water bodies.
#13. Minimum temperature is reached at
The coldest time is usually near sunrise because the surface has radiated heat away all night and solar heating has not yet begun to raise temperatures substantially.
#14. An air parcel is lifted till it gets saturated. The temperature attained by its called
As a parcel is lifted adiabatically and reaches saturation, the temperature associated with cooling plus latent heat effects corresponds to the wet-bulb temperature, which reflects adiabatic saturation conditions.
#15. Cloudy nights are
Clouds act like a blanket, reflecting and re-emitting longwave radiation back toward the surface, which reduces nocturnal cooling and usually results in warmer nights than clear skies.
#16. Water vapour is transparent to terrestrial radiation
Water vapour absorbs some terrestrial (longwave) radiation—it's not completely transparent but has strong absorption bands, making it a key greenhouse gas.
#17. Higher the temperature ______ would be the wavelength of emitted radiation
Wien’s law shows that as temperature increases, the peak wavelength of emission shifts to shorter (bluer) wavelengths; hotter objects emit more shortwave radiation.
#18. Air is a bad conductor of heat. A parcel of air can therefore be regarded as insulated from the environment
Because air conducts heat poorly, small parcels of air change temperature mainly by advection and radiation rather than conduction, allowing us to treat them approximately as thermally insulated for some processes.
#19. Warmer the earth _____ will be the Nocturnal radiation
A warmer surface emits more longwave (nocturnal) radiation according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law, so nocturnal emission intensity increases with surface temperature.
#20. Heat is the _____ of the KE of all the molecules and atoms of a substance
Internal energy (heat content) relates to the sum total of molecular kinetic energy; temperature corresponds more closely to the average kinetic energy per particle.
#21. The solar radiation consists of about 46%
Approximately 40–50% of the Sun’s energy reaches Earth in the visible band; exam values commonly list about 46% as the visible fraction of incoming solar radiation.
#22. The total energy radiated by a black body is proportional to its temperature(T)
The Stefan–Boltzmann law states the total radiated energy per unit area is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature (T⁴).
#23. Intense radiation are emitted by
Hotter bodies emit more intense radiation overall (higher total flux). While stars are hot, the direct comparison intended is that intensity grows with object temperature.
#24. The wavelength of most intense radiation is inversely proportional to its
Wien’s displacement law states that peak wavelength is inversely proportional to absolute temperature (in Kelvin), so hotter objects peak at shorter wavelengths.
#25. Hot bodies (like sun) radiate
Hot objects such as the Sun emit primarily shortwave radiation (visible and near-infrared); colder bodies like Earth emit primarily longwave radiation.
#26. The flow of heat from earth surface is 77% by
A large portion of surface heat flux is transported by latent heat (evaporation and condensation), especially over oceans where moisture flux dominates the energy budget.
#27. -40°C = -40°F
−40 is the unique temperature where the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales coincide, so −40°C equals −40°F exactly.
#28. The door of Stevenson's screen should open
The screen’s door should face away from direct sunlight (often north in the Northern Hemisphere) so that instruments inside are not heated by the observer’s access and remain representative of ambient conditions.
#29. The liquid used in Minimum Thermometer is
Minimum thermometers typically use alcohol (spirit) because it remains liquid at low temperatures and gives a reliable minimum reading without freezing like mercury can.
#30. Freezing point of water is
On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32°F. (0°C corresponds to 32°F on this scale.)
#31. Boiling point of water is
At standard pressure, water boils at 212°F (which corresponds to 100°C). 212°F is the correct Fahrenheit boiling point.
#32. Freezing point of water is
The freezing point of water is 0°C, which equals 273.15 K (rounded to 273 K in typical exam choices).
#33. Boiling point of water is
Water boils at 100°C or 373.15 K (commonly rounded to 373 K) at standard atmospheric pressure.
#34. Convert 68°F into Kelvin temperature
68°F is 20°C (because 68−32=36; 36×5/9=20). Converting to Kelvin: 20 + 273 = 293 K (rounded), so 293 K is correct.
#35. Diurnal variation of temperature is least on a day when it is
An overcast sky reduces incoming solar heating by day and traps outgoing radiation by night, minimizing temperature swings and producing the smallest diurnal variation.
#36. A clear and calm night is cooler than a cloudy night, because nocturnal radiation
Clouds re-radiate some longwave energy back toward the surface, reducing net loss. On clear nights, radiation escapes more freely to space, leading to stronger cooling.
#37. Which surface will cause higher diurnal variation
Deserts have low moisture and sparse vegetation, so they heat strongly by day and cool rapidly at night, producing very large diurnal temperature ranges.
#38. If temperature does not change in a layer with height on a day indicates
If temperature is constant with height, the layer is isothermal. An inversion would show temperature increasing with height, not remaining constant.
#39. Surface Temperature is recorded at a height of _____ above ground
Standard meteorological measurements of surface air temperature are typically taken at 1.5–2 m; 1.5 m is the common standard used in many observing networks.
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